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Wednesday, October 30, 2019
International Supply Chain Management 342 research paper
International Supply Chain Management 342 - Research Paper Example Chain supply management regards the overall management of goods and products, from their place of origin, to the destination. According to Blanchard (2010), chain supply includes amongst others the storage and movement of raw materials from the source arenas keeping work-in-process inventories, and the eventual supply of finished products from the point of manufacture, to the market area for consumption. Towards meeting the needs of the consumer-base, various joint enterprises, channels and interlinked networks are vital. In this regard, supply chain management is defined as consisting of the design, pertinent planning, execution, management/control and constant monitoring of all supply-related activities; this with the main objective of creating net value for the firm enterprise. In the international chain-process, the building of a competitive infrastructure, the advantage of global logistics, the synchronization of existing supply to prevailing demand levels, and the eventual measurement of global performance standards are included. Thus, supply chain management (SCM hereon), draws majorly from the fields of: logistics, operations management, information technology and procurement; striving for an all-inclusive integrated approach. The integration of core business processes, especially across the supply chain, is for the main purpose of creating value for both the consumers and other stakeholders at large (Blanchard, 2010). As portrayed by the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP), the process of supply chain management encompasses different aspects of the business enterprise. These include the sourcing and procurement of raw materials, followed by conversion into end products, and eventual logistics management. Thus, as Cooper, Lambert, & Pagh (1997) portray, inclusive in this regard is the coordination and subsequent collaboration with existing channel partners i.e. intermediaries, third-party service
Monday, October 28, 2019
Planning for the Chevy Volt Essay Example for Free
Planning for the Chevy Volt Essay Question 1 The nature of strategic decision making at a large complex organization like GM appears to be done without having a thorough plan outlay to the planning groups or the business development unit within the company. There were several areas that put the company into the situation of making inappropriate strategic decision. The project was initially proposed by top two managements. Due to lack of thorough analysis and plan, they could not convince other managers in order to pursue this Chevy Volt project. This implied the missing link of strategic leadership that should have been a transformational force. In addition, the shareholder’s wealth creation had not been properly addressed and the well-defined business plan had not been emphasized and communicated when decisions were made. This implied that the management’s responsibility and expertise were all taken for granted that put the company in the threshold of a gamble betting on the success of this project. The accountability of management was disappeared. Question 2 The external environment trends that favor this project were the rising oil price, economic slowdown that made people to be more cautious about spending, the falling costs of manufacturing lithium ion batteries that help make the car price become more affordable, and global warming concern together with going-green concept. The Chevy Volt project could help promote the CSR of GM, which is favorable to the image and brand. These trends had signified that the external environment had been changed. As a green concept car, the Chevy Volt makes a point as far as cost saving for users goes in context of rising oil prices. However, what is crucial also can be exemplified in context of sustainable development process that the Chevy Volt can impact. Limiting carbon gas emission in the backdrop of global warming and greenhouse effect can significantly present a wider socio-economic relevancy and impact. Question 3 Cost is the most critical hurdle in pursuing with Chevy Volt. The cost factor is unfavorable given that GM had already invested substantial capital for the development of lithium ion batteries. The relevant cause for that could be observed from top management who were skeptical of Chevy Volt project. When the EV1 hybrid model, a green concept electric car running on conventional fuel cell, was introduced by the company way back in the 1990s and did not succeed, such model was a crucial loss in term of resource and brand image. In addition, the missing link among the strategy planning, formulation and lifecycles were also another internal obstacle unfavorable for pursuing the Chevy Volt project. Question 4.a The strategic plans are based on how well the company analyzes the existing market situation, competitors and the market trend. The external environment analysis such as the macro and micro-economic factors should also be emphasized and properly addressed. The economic theory of demand and supply should also be brought in contention when making the decision and planning the strategy. The plan should be flexible enough to reflect the dynamic business environment when the revision and amendment to the strategic plan are necessary for business to gain competitive advantages over the competitors in a timely manner. Question 4.b The Chevy Volt project strategic plan was based on assuming that oil prices would continue in rising trends which could then be able to market the company’s electric car model and generate profitability. Thus, falling oil prices could negatively affect the potential success of Chevy Volt. Question 4.c When supply is relatively limited, while the demand can increase once the global economy recovers, it would be difficult for oil prices to remain low in the future. Rising oil prices demonstrates the typical economic basis of the law of demand, in which the price depends on the market equilibrium for a product. In addition, there are no substitute product as far as fuel goes. There is still no other alternative energy or technology that can match or surpass the oil in all aspects. Question 5: What will it take for the Chevy Volt to be a successful car? For the success of the Chevy Volt project, effective marketing strategy has to be formulated. Marketing aspects should capitalize on the internal and external forces that influence the products within the industry and against its rival for the competitive factors. As the Chevy Volt is a high-tech car, the external analysis from operational and business perspective should focus on the competitive structure of the industry and factors; such as, innovations, socio-economic and environmental impact that defines value added product and the opportunistic cost that comes with it. Thus, innovation in the development process of the car should be fostered as one factor to benchmark against competitors in the industry, which is critical for success for a profitable outcome and goals achievements. Part of it also should focus on the strategic marketing aspects that give the car and its salient feature to reach the people through advertisement and awareness created in that regard are interrelated and need to be present for the Chevy Volt to be a successful car. Last but not least is the price and related costs of Chevy Volt. The price must be affordable for target group of GM’s customers in order to boost the demand and achieve cost advantage over competitors in term of economies of scale, and the related maintenance cost and useful life of lithium ion battery must be reasonable enough to be able to convince target consumers to purchase the car. It is also suggested that the strategic plan has taken into account of effect of the capitalization on the capability and expertise the company has; effective strategic management of operational process and procedures; top management involvement, responsibility and accountability; collaborative approaches to leadership; cultural and structural upgrade of the corporate echelon and strategic management panel and process; careful analysis of the opportunities and threat; and the facilitation of a dynamic leadership culture. Question 5: How risky is this venture for GM? Launching this project is very risky for GM as it involved significant resources, time and capital investment. Given that GM has already exposed to potential bankruptcy, the success of Chevy Volt will be one of the critical factors affecting the possibility of GM to diminish the bankruptcy risk and boost the future cash flows. Question 5: What are the costs of failure? The cost of failure as far as Chevy Volt car concerns is huge and tremendous. Less involvement from the managers also brought to fore the cost and its effect to directly hit the company that brought it to the stage of total shutdown of its operations. Since the company has already been in the situation of potential bankruptcy, the Chevy Volt project that failed to impact the company strategic goals and its achievements posed the total effect of bankruptcy of GM and huge economic consequences as an aftermath, because the company is already on the process of huge public debt facilitated by the government to save itself from bankruptcy. Question 5: What are the costs of not pursuing the project? There are substantial costs and adverse impacts as far as Chevy Volt project concerns when it is not pursued at all. Example costs are the huge opportunistic cost lost in between; operational and business capability that went for a toss; marketing research that has not been capitalized effectively and efficiently for result outcome; change factor and organizational learning experience; cost factors in term of direct financial investments to investors, and stakeholders; resource accumulation; brand image and identity; corporation competencies that have not been capitalized; sustainable development plans; CSR; exposure to bankruptcy risk; and economic consequences.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
We Must Report Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Argumentative, Persuas
Each of us has the moral obligation to report suspected cases of child abuse. National statistics indicate that five children die daily as a result of child abuse (Childhelp, 2015). Reporting suspected child abuse can prevent the abused child from continuing the horrific cycle of abuse toward their own children (Smith & Segal, 2015). There are four forms of child abuse: physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional abuse (Smith & Segal, 2015). Christine â€Å"Chris†Witty, a gold medal winning speed skater, molested by a family friend at the age of four, â€Å"it’s important to talk about it. You raise awareness. But you can also prevent it (child abuse) by not letting it be a secret†(Newberry, 2008, para. 3). Researchers have shown that child abuse may be caused by a complex combination of personal, social, and cultural factors (Family Resource Center, 2015). Measures should be taken to protect children because they are the future. Child abuse is a serious problem that no one wants to admit it exists or do not know how to stop it, if they are aware it exists. Although people are afraid to get involved, suspected cases of child abuse need to be reported immediately because reporting child abuse can save a life. Physical abuse and sexual molestation are the most common forms of child maltreatment (Pillado, Kim, & Dierkhising, 2010). Physical abuse is non-accidental trauma or physical injury caused by punching, beating, kicking, burning, or otherwise harming a child (Smith & Segal, 2015). Physical abuse is the most visible form of child maltreatment and there are several warning signs (Smith & Segal, 2015). The most common warning sign of physical abuse is continual injuries or unknown bruises, contusions, or lace... ...92502d%40sessionmgr4&hid=7&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=mih&AN=6743462 Kids First Child Abuse Treatment Center. (2009). 7 Ways to prevent child abuse. Web. 23 May 2015. http://www.kidsfirstinc.org/preventing-abuse National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2010). Understanding child maltreatment. Web. 23 May 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/CM-factsheet-a.pdf Newberry, P. (2008, September 15). Olympian goes public with sexual abuse. USA Today. Web. 23 May 2015. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2008-9-15 Pillado, O., Kim, T., & Dierkhising, C. B. (2010). Fact sheet: Child maltreatment. Web. 23 May 2015. http://stopyouthviolence.ucr.edu/factsheets/FACTSHEET%20ChildMaltreatmentSpring2010.pdf Smith, M., & Segal, J. (2015). Child abuse and neglect. Web. 23 May 2015. http://www.helpguide.org/mental/child_abuse_physical_
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm
ï » ¿Introduction  â€Å"Animal Farm†is a symbolical political satire in which animals take the place of humans. These animals can talk and are just as intelligent as humans. They learn to read and each type of animal a different aspect of humanity. (Ex.: Pigs- Politicians; Horses- Laborers; Sheep- Gullible People; etc. ) This book shows how a government that is set up to serve the people turns against them, just like communism did to the Russian people. Animalism symbolizes communism and the characters symbolize Russian leaders and people of importance. This is a tale with no happy ending.                           Characters                                The Pigs          They symbolize politicians in a stereotypical sense. Some of them lie, cheat,     and steal from the animals they are supposed to serve. They make promises     that are never kept. Propaganda is spread to the animals they are supposed to     represent. Old Major          He is a pig who is very old. He has seen the lifestyle the animals live and is     dissatisfied with it. He creates a government ideology called animalism which     represents communism. He is the Karl Marx of this world. Napoleon          He is a large, fierce looking Berkshire boar, who is not much of a talker. He     uses animalism only to increase his power and the dogs to terrorize the other     animals. Napoleon symbolizes the dictator Joseph Stalin in this world. Snowball          He is a pig that fights with Napoleon over the power on the farm. He is a very     energetic, eloquent speaking, brilliant leader who organizes the defense of the     farm. Napoleons jealousness of him makes him try to kill Snowball. Snowball     flees the area and every misfortune in Animal Farm after that is blamed on     him. He represents Leon Trotsky in this story. Squealor          He is a short, fat, twinkle eyed pig who is a brilliant talker. He justifies the     horrible actions of Napoleon and most of the animals buy into it. He has a sly,     persuasive air to him. This is why he is head of Napoleon’s propaganda plan.  Boxer          He is a large, very powerful horse who is not too bright. He buys into     animalism and works the hardest on the farm. He saves the farm on multiple     occasions and declared a national hero. After he gets too sick to work     Napoleon secretly sells him to a glue factory. Boxer symbolizes the hard     working Russian class that Stalin abused for his own benefit. Mollie          She is a mare who abandons Animal Farm for sugar and ribbons at the human
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
The Expansion of Europe and China in the 15th Century
In the 15th century, the western and eastern sail technology was comparable. The mariner's compass, so crucial to navigation out of sight of land, was developed from the Chinese magnetized needle of the 8th century, and it traveled via land route to the Mediterranean where about the 12th century the Europeans or the Arabs developed the true mariner's compass (floating), but China soon received the improved model. 27 So both East and West had the mariner's compass in the 15th century.Stern post rudders, which are a significant advantage over steering oars in steering larger ships in tumultuous seas, were utilized in China as early as the 1st century A. D. These were not developed until about the 14th century in Europe, but stern post rudders were available to both East and West in the 15th century. Knowledge of wind and sea currents was considerably more advanced in the West by the Portuguese and Dutch than by the Chinese in the 15th century. 8 The West also had superior knowledge of celestial navigation, that advantage being shared by the Arabs; the Chinese were reduced to utilizing Islamic astronomers and mathematicians at the Imperial Observatory, but had not extended celestial work to the practical work of navigating as of yet. The Arab and the Portuguese cross-staff or balestilha developed in the 14th century, and the astrolabe for even better measurement of the angle of celestial objects in the early 15th century. 29 In military technology, both East and West had cannon, armor and horses.In summary, before the 15th century, the Chinese were ahead in oceangoing ship technology, with larger compartmented ships and efficient fore-and-aft lugsails on multiple masts. In the 15th century, the Chinese and the Europeans were in rough overall parity. The Chinese were ahead in ship size and hull construction, and the Portuguese were ahead in the arts of navigation, and there was parity in sail technology (the Chinese with battened lugsails, the Portuguese with latee n sails). Neither had a distinct overall advantage.Both were technologically capable of great voyages of discovery, mercantile enterprise, and colonization. In tracing the developments, what is distinctive is that the rate of progress in nautical technology of the West was considerably faster than that of the East. By the 16th century, the West was clearly superior in ocean-going maritime technology (especially considering the regression that occurred in China due to policy influences). During the fifteenth century, Europe began a process of nprecedented expansion that by 1650 had affected all areas of the world. This was actually part of a global tendency towards complexity among many human societies. Matching the empires of the Aztecs, the Inca, and the West Africans were rising states on the Eurasian fringes such as Japan or the European monarchies in England, France, Spain, and Portugal. In Eurasia, developing navigational technology, along with expanding trade, encouraged long sea voyages by Arabs, Japanese, Chinese, and Europeans.But only the Europeans linked up all the continents in a new global age, when sea power, rather than land-based armies, was the main force in empire-building. Overseas expansion was obviously related – both as cause and effect – to the European transition from medievalism. The Crusades and the Renaissance stimulated European curiosity; the Reformation produced thousands of zealous religious missionaries seeking foreign converts and refugees seeking religious freedom; and the monarchs of emerging sovereign states sought revenues, first from trade with the Orient and later by exploiting a new world.Perhaps the most permeating influence was the rise of European capitalism, with its monetary values, profit-seeking motivations, investment institutions, and constant impulse toward economic expansion. Some historians have labeled this whole economic transformation â€Å"the Commercial Revolution. †Others have used the phrase in a narrower sense, referring to the shift in trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. Interpreted either way, the Commercial Revolution and its accompanying European expansion helped usher in the modern era.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
buy custom Higher Education Fees in the UK essay
buy custom Higher Education Fees in the UK essay Student fees in the United Kingdom have increased tremendously over the years. The gradual increase in fees has made UK higher education more expensive. Increased student fees arose from continued government proposals, to raise the figures further. This has led to the emergence of diverse views both in support and against the high student fees. Proponents assert that increased fees would facilitate learning opportunities for the poor. It would promote investments in education institutions, and it would ease taxpayers expenditure on funding education. On the other hand, opponents claim that increased fees would compromise the quality of education. In addition, they claim that it would negatively affect students from the middle class families. All these cases have led to increased debate over the escalating higher education fees in the UK. This paper explicates the cases for and against increasing higher education fees in the UK and the effect on the economy. Increased fees would help students from poor backgrounds access higher education. Students from rich backgrounds would be in a better position, to raise the fees compared to poor students. Hayto Paczuska (2002, P 100) reports that poor students would be covered with fees paid by richer students. The extra amounts arising out of the total fees collected by educational institutions would be forwarded to fund poor students both in the provision of basic need and tuition fees. The contribution by richer students is vital in ensuring that every student with a promising future accesses education. In addition, problems related to wasted brains would be eliminated as the poor access education. Institutions providing higher education would be more balanced in matters relating to class, as education is accessed individuals from diverse backgrounds. This will facilitate an increase in the number of literate individuals because everyones welfare is catered for. Thus, the UK government would be in a better position, to ensure that all students access education and none is left behind because of the failure to meet the required fees. The provision of education to poor students would see them liberate their families from poverty to better living standards as they get to the job market. According to Johnes Johnes (2004, P 112) education for all would promote equality among all the youth regardless of their family backgrounds. Increasing higher education fees is the only way to raise the prospects of poor students advancing their education and reaching their desired goals. It is the only way to increase investments in the education sector by the higher education institutions. Increasing fees would raise more revenue to educational institutions. Educational institutions rely on the fees paid by students, to develop infrastructure and enhance educational research. The increased fees would provide a larger financial base for the institutions and would make it easier for them to invest in the provision of better education. Institutions would be able to advance technologically. According to Accounts (2008, P 110) higher education would only be meaningful if students learn in an environment where they access what they need. The tremendous rise in fees would be the only way toensure educational institutions do not suffer from financial difficulties but make significant improvements as they deem. It would mean that students all over the UK have better and modern learning facilities. Higher education institutions would not have to rely on loans, which attract h igh interests on repayment. They would develop using the funds that are raised by students hence no need to pay interest. It is the only way of securing educational institutions in their efforts to provide education with modern facilities. They would be in a better position, to change and keep up with the continuous changes in the educational sector. In addition, they would be able to compete with other internationally recognized institutions. This will lead to more applications from international students. Everyone would be attracted to join the highly competitive institutions in the UK. Fees need to be increased to raise the levels of investments in the educational sector by institutions. Citizens would be taxed lesser amounts in relation to education funding. Increasing the amount of fees would mean that taxpayers are relieved of the high amounts they have to contribute towards funding higher education. Students would provide the funds required by their institutions hence no need to overtax individuals. Taxpayers would be in a better position, to increase their savings because of the reduced tax burden. Committee (2007, P 133) observes that they would be contributing lesser amounts towards the loans incurred by students in the course of pursuing higher education. This means that those who earn less would be better positioned as they can easily save and make personal investments. Individual students would bear the fees without straining taxpayers. According to Accounts (2008, P 122) educational institutions would rely on funds that they are sure about their inflows instead of depending on taxpayers funds, which could not be reliable in the long run. The ease on taxpay ers would be vital in reducing the level of resistance to higher education in the UK. Opponents claim that fee increments would negatively affect students from the middleclass families. The increased fees would hurt families that are perceived to be at the middleclass level in the UK. This is because the rich students would find it easier to pay the amounts assisted by their wealthy parents. In addition, poor students would be shielded by the funds provides by the rich students. McNay (2006, P 100) intimates that students from middleclass families with average incomes would find it difficult t raise the required fees because of the lack of shielding effects. This could lead to some of them dropping out of school because of the inability to raise the fees required in the institutions. They would not be in a position, to access better living standards because of the high amounts of fees required to keep them in schools. This will see families in the middleclass being pushed into poverty. There would be increased imbalance in the access to quality education as most middl eclass students opt to drop out and seek education at institutions that charge lesser fees. Increased fees would mean suffering among the middleclass hence not desirable. It leads to increased levels of poverty in the UK. The increased fees would compromise quuality standards in education. The quality of the education offered by higher institutions would likely go down because of the increased focus on the fees. They would be keener on raising high amounts of money from students instead of providing education. According to Brown (2004, P 120) students would only be allowed to attend classes after payment of the required amounts. This means that students who fail to comply with the fees requirements would always be sent out of class until they complete the amounts outstanding. Educational institutions would gradually transform into financial institutions aimed at generating income instead of encouraging educational promotion. Increased fees would also lead to rise of class in educational institutions, as students who are unable to raise the required fees are intimidated making them unable to concentrate. This means that they would not be able to deliver their best in academics. They would be forced to deal with intimidating elements instead of concentrating on schoolwork. In addition, educational institutions would accommodate individuals according to their financial abilities and not academic abilities. This would compromise the standards of education as the brighter students without the ability to fund their education are segregated. Increased fees are thus undesirable because it would lead to a decline in UKs educational standards. The fee increment would have various effects on the economy. For instance, it would lead to a rise in the level of poverty. With the increased fees, middleclass parents would have to spend more on educating their children hence running out of resources. Johnes Johnes (2004, P 200) assert that the economy would be retarded by their reduced contribution in its growth. The overall effect of the decline in middleclass individuals would be poor living conditions in the economy. On the positive side, the economy would be boosted as the poor students access education courtesy of richer students. It is likely to lead to a better economy as illiteracy is eliminated. This means more individuals would be able to contribute to economic growth after being employed. In conclusion, an increase in higher education fees came into place after the government passed a proposal on amending higher education fees. The increment led to the emergence of views both in support and against the move to increase higher education fees. Those in support for the increase claim that it would help poor students access education because richer students cover them. In addition, they hold that it would lead to a reduction in taxes because taxpayers would be charged a lesser amount to contribute towards education. They assert that the increment would lead to increased investments by the institutions. This will ensure that UK institutions rank among the worlds best. Those against the increment assert that middleclass parents would be negatively affected, as they would be required to spend more. There is nobody to cover them. This would lead to increased levels of poverty. Increments would compromise the education standards in the UK as the focus shifts towards money inst ead of education. The overall effects of this are that there could be increased poverty in the economy as middleclass parents grapple to provide for their children. Buy custom Higher Education Fees in the UK essay
Monday, October 21, 2019
David Sarnoff and Radio Corporaton of America RCA Presenation Paper
David Sarnoff and Radio Corporaton of America RCA Presenation Paper Free Online Research Papers David Sarnoff and Radio Corporaton of America RCA Presenation Paper Until the 1970s, U.S. firms led the world in consumer electronics. American companies brought forth a steady output of affordable radios, phonographs, black-and-white television sets, and finally color TVs. Experts everywhere assumed that American companies would remain on top for a long time, perhaps forever. But those firms lost more than just their primacy. After having been almost unchallenged before the 1960s, they fell behind their European and Japanese competitors during the 1970s and 1980s, and succumbed altogether by the 1990s. Both the rise and fall of the U.S. consumer electronics industry are reflected in the story of the Radio Corporaton of America(RCA) and its charismatic leader David Sarnoff which is the main topic of my presentation today. Sarnoff, who worked as head of RCA for nearly forty years did more than any other person to bring radio and television into the American home, and his life coincided almost exactly with the development of radio and television. As early as 1912, David Sarnoff seemed destined for greatness in telecommunications. While working as a young wireless, he received the first news of the Titanics disastrous collision with an iceberg (14 April ), then remained on duty for 72 hours, relaying information and survivor lists from the rescue ship. After the incident Congress passed a law requiring large passenger ships to install wieless communications. In 1919, when British Marconi sold its American Marconi assets to General Electric (GE) to form RCA, Sarnoff came on board as commercial manager. Sarnoff was soon in charge of broadcasting as general manager of RCA (April 29, 1921), then vice president (1922) and executive vice president of RCA (January 1, 1929). He was integral in the formation of NBC in 1926. He negotiated the secret contracts with American Telephone and Telegraph (AT and T) that led to NBCs development. With the acquisition of AT and Ts broadcasting assets, RCA had two networks, the Red and the Blue, and they debuted in a simulcast on 15 November 1926. In the 1920s, he managed his companys patent portfolio to the point that it was virtually impossible to manufacture or sell radio equipment without paying royalties to RCA. In the late 1920s In 1927 Sarnoff was elected to RCAs board and during the summer of 1928, he became RCAs acting president During the end of the decade Sarnoff negotiated successful contracts to form Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) motion pictures, to introduce radios as a permanent fixture in automobiles, and to consolidate all radio manufacturing by the Victor company under RCAs banner. On 3 January 1930, the 39-year-old Sarnoff became RCAs president. The next two years were pivotal in Sarnoffs life as the Department of Justice sued GE and RCA for monopoly and restraint of trade. Sarnoff led industry efforts to combat the governments suits that would have destroyed RCA. The result was a consent decree in 1932 calling for RCAs divestiture from GE and the licensing of RCAs patents to competitors. When GE freed RCA, Sarnoff was at the helm and, for nearly the next three decades, he would oversee numerous communications development, including television. Sarnoffs interest in television began in the 1910s, when he became aware of the theory of television. By 1923, he was convinced television would be the next great step in mass communication. Under Sarnoffs direction, RCA spent over thirteen million dollars from 1930 to 1939 to develop television, which was a staggering sum during the Depression. RCA also engaged in patent litigation with Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation, which held key television patents. It was alleged that the Federal Radio Commission was being manipulated by the RCA cartel of companies. Purchasing of key Patents ensured RCAs dominance of radio and television technology, but simultaneously helped to finance and encourage continued television experimenation outside RCA. Sarnoffs determination ensured that RCA was the company to bring television to the American public. Without Sarnoffs prophetic vision, widely available commercial television would certainly have been substantially different. Working well into his seventies, Sarnoff continued to push RCA and its engineers, investing money and work-hours in computers and aerospace technology. Research Papers on David Sarnoff and Radio Corporaton of America RCA Presenation PaperAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Twilight of the UAWRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtDefinition of Export QuotasOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of India
Sunday, October 20, 2019
All Ready and Already - Glossary of Usage
All Ready and Already - Glossary of Usage Your spellchecker doesnt know the difference between the homophones all ready and already, but you should know the difference. Definitions The adjective phrase all ready (two words) means completely prepared. The adverb already (one word) means previously or by this time. Also see the usage notes below. Examples Our bags have already been inspected.​We are all ready to board the plane.​They were already in the downtown area, and they were all ready to walk from bar to bar.(Gonzalo Celorio, And Let the Earth Tremble at Its Centers, trans. by Dick Gerdes. University of Texas Press, 2009). Usage Notes and Memory Tricks Already means before now or before then: The game had already started by the time we got there.Do not confuse already with all ready as two separate words: Are you all ready? ( Are all of you ready?)(George Davidson, Penguin Writers Guides: Improve Your Spelling. Penguin, 2005)LISTEN: Mentally say the sentence you are about to write. If you pause between all and ready, use two words, all ready.VISUALIZE CONNECT: Visualize runners ready to start a race. Think, All ready? All set? Go!VISUALIZE CONNECT: Visualize yourself waiting for a friend and looking at your watch, distressed. Think, Its almost 8:00 and were already late!(Nancy Ragno, Word Savvy: Use the Right Word Every Time, All The Time. Writers Digest Books, 2011) Practice (a) The ballplayers have _____ taken batting practice.(b) The players are _____ to start the game. Answers to Practice Exercises (a) The ballplayers have already taken batting practice. (b) The players are all ready to start the game. Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Managers learn better through experience. Theory has nothing to offer Essay - 1
Managers learn better through experience. Theory has nothing to offer - Essay Example Owing to the dynamic nature of the current business environment, learning through experience has been widely used as the mode of leaning in the field of management (Rigolosi, 2013:1). Learning through experience has become an important has become an important aspect in management to enable them to meet the challenges posed by the business conditions in the 21st century. The statement ‘Managers learn better through experience. Theory has nothing to offer.’ is true in the modern times in the business world. This is owing to the fact that managing an entity in the modern times poses unique challenges to mangers globally. Managers have to experience some challenges resulting from globalisation and other forces in the market such as changing consumer needs and increased competitiveness. On the other hand, it has been observed that theory has a lot to offer in the management field, as there are some management theories that can be applied to solve problems facing managers in t he modern world. This means that theory cannot be fully left out in the field of management. Instead, it should be complemented with the experience learnt by managers in their line of work. In order to study the reasons as to as to why learning through experience is the best form of learning for managers this paper gives a discussion of the experiential learning theory and its practical application. To start with, experiential learning is defined as learning through experience. The theory of experiential learning is refers to the process of learning through experience and theorists such as Kurt Lewin and Dewey made important contributions to the theory (Border, 2007:7). The theory refers to learning as the process where knowledge is generated through experience. In other words, knowledge comes from the events experienced on a daily basis. Learning through Experience Mangers can learn a lot from observing the trends and activities in the business world. According to the theory, indiv iduals learn so much from observing and listening to the opinions of other people. This sparks their interest and enables them to discover and learn new concepts. David Kolb’s learning theory identified stated different learning styles that are founded on a four stage learning process. The four stages are important in the process of mangers learning through experience. There is the concrete experience that is gained through feeling and putting in practice what is leant (Janet, 2006:45). If managers feel that making a certain move will benefit the company, they learn through taking such decisions. The second step is reflective observation where the managers can learn through observation and critically analyse the outcome. The third step is abstract conceptualisation that entails assessment of the conceptual understanding. The last step is active experimentation and finding solutions to problems. This theory states that learning is based on immediate experience that acts as the basis of our reflections and observations. These observations help managers to plan and come up with new implications and are assessed to learn new concepts and experiences. All the stages discussed above are highly important to the learning process by managers. The entire process of experience, planning, reflection and
Friday, October 18, 2019
Les changements philosophique etaientelles au cuaser par les emeutes Essay
Les changements philosophique etaientelles au cuaser par les emeutes en Mai 1968 - Essay Example Pour Baudrillard l'poque contmporaine se caracterise par l'abandon de la ralit, et cet abandon s'est ralis par une vitesse de liberation semblable celle ncessit par un corps pour s'chapper la gravit d'une planete. Cette vitesse de liberation est dtrmine par l'acceleration de la technologie , et aussi par la vitesse des autres changes - conomique , politique , sexuel . La vitesse de liberation impose par le dveloppment scintifique a dbut l'poque duquel on vient de parler. Le plus important vnement philosophique qui s'est produit cette poque- l fut l'apparition du structuralisme thoris au domain philosophique par Michel Foucault . Le changement , en bref , est rerprsent par la substitution de la notion de idologie , comme reprsentation du monde , avec celle de structure , ou , dans la trminologie foulcauldienne , " l'archologie du savoir " . Ce terme parle par lui-mme de cette rvolution du pense - l'archologie se focalise sur la structure du savoir , ca veut dire , la philosophie et la pense en gnral n'examinent plus seulement les ides et les formes , mais aussi la structure dinamique de choses , ce qui transforme toute pense en discours . LaLa thorie du discours de Foucault vient de remplacer , ainsi , les philosophies idologiques de Marx , Sartre et Althusser. Au coeur de ces philosophies il y avait l'humanisme , qui a pris des formes diffrents pour chaque d'entre eux. Le fait le plus important a signaler ici est que toute ces philosophies ont cherch , comme idologies , trouver un but pratique pour leur thorie , soit-il politique ou social ou conomique. Louis Althusser (1986) a essay de thoriser le marxisme , en observant le changement essentiel qui s'est produit , a un certain moment dans ce courrant , et qui a dtrmin la transformation de l'humanisme initial , qu'il nomme "humanisme rationaliste -liberal " en un " anti-humanisme thorique ". Cette transformation du statut de l'humanisme est survenue quand prtentions thoriques ont t rejetes en reconnaissant la fonction pratique de l'idologie . (Althusser , 1986: 236). Cela a signifi aussi la rupture de avec la philosophie de l'homme , et au mme temps , avec toute anthropologie ou humanisme philosophiques , ainsi comme elles taient dfini la premire tape du marxisme . Ainsi , le marxisme et au fond une idologie , et concepte est pour Althusser indispensable quand il s'agit de la socit humaine : Seule une conception idologique du monde a pu imaginer des socits sans idologies , et admettre l'ide utopique d'un monde ou l' idologie disparaitrait sans laisser de trace, pour etre remplace par la science. (Althusser , 1986: 239 ) L'idologie ne peut pas disparaitre du milieu de la socit humaine , et se manifeste toujours en un ou pluiseurs de ses formes : morale , rligion , art. De mme, l'existentialisme de Sartre a chrch s'approcher l'idologie marxiste , en affirmant la philosophie de l'action , et la "condamnation de l'homme libert " , ce que veut dire que l'homme , a toujours la possibilit du choix , cette chose l tant la principale cause de l'anxiet pour l'homme; donc , l'homme est ce qui'le fait : Quand nous disons que l'homme se choisit , nous entendons que chacun d'entre nous se choisit , mais par l nous
Sales Planning and Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1
Sales Planning and Operations - Essay Example 3-(b) Devise appropriate recruitment and selection procedures of a sales person into any organization. In your answer you should cover job description and personnel specifications, sources of recruitments, interview preparation, interview techniques, selection and appointment. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 3-(d)-Describe two techniques used to co-ordinate and control sales output. To answer the question adequately you should note how an organization uses different the techniques (examples- budget, performance target, appraisals by superior, self-development plans) in controlling sales output†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 4-(a)-Identify and give three examples of the differences in the nature of sales tasks and skills in a variety of contexts. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 The types of personal selling emerge from the environment in which the selling task takes places. It can be over-the-counter selling, field selling or telemarketing selling. Elaboration on all different types is as follows: Over-the-Counter selling- this environment is managed by two kinds of salespeople- order takers and order getters. The former is entrusted with maintaining the relationship after the customer has made the purchase while the latter is a traditional salesperson collecting leads, contacting prospective buyers, making presentations and closing the deals. The follow up section again shifts to the order taker after the deal is closed. The skills required for the two vary with respect to the activities they perform. Order getters are required to be more informed, creative and presentable to turn a proposition favourable while order takers have to be more routinised and aware of the buying habits of existing customers (Ingram et al. 2008). Field selling- field selling task is undertaken by four kinds of
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Repressed Memories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Repressed Memories - Research Paper Example For example, an undesirable thought may interfere with day-today work, causes anxiety, loss of sleep, or simply it is annoying. In the extreme cases, potential suppressors are the victims of physical, verbal, or sexual abuse, or have visions of a loved one dying, that may cause impairments in all aspects of the experiencer’s life. This motivated forgetting comes in two forms: unconscious, as in the controversial and contentious repressed memory literature, and conscious, as in the attempted suppression of undesirable thoughts (Bjork, Bjork, & Anderson, 1998). Controversy surrounding the concept of repression and the recovery of repressed memories has been brought to the forefront of recent literature. Jurors are being faced with the difficult task of evaluating testimony from alleged victims claiming to have recovered previously forgotten memories of childhood sexual abuse. The role of jury members is to determine the innocence or guilt of the accused - a task which is particularly difficult given that the events in question have typically taken place many years previously. Unfortunately, such cases are also characterized by a lack of evidence, aside from the testimonial accounts of the alleged victim and the accused. A recovered memory is one which is suppressed or forgotten for a period of time and then later recalled. In order to further our understanding of recovered memories, a review of why individuals forget is warranted. There are currently four prominent explanations behind why people might seem to forget and then later recall traumatic events: 1) ordinary forgetting, 2) false memories, 3) dissociation, and 4) repression. Loftus, Gary, and Feldman (1994) suggest that memory of traumatic events may be no different from memory of regular events. Therefore, one would expect the process of forgetting to be the same, resulting from normal processes such as interference and decay. As noted by Brewin and Andrews (1998),
Statisitcs results Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1
Statisitcs results - Statistics Project Example On the other hand, a mean of 2.1452 with a standard deviation of 1.34099 and standard error of the mean of 0.17031 were the statistics for the non-witnesses with respect to the prescribed punishment. Figures one and two are error bar graphs for guilt rating and punishment rating respectively. An evaluation of the dependent variables reveals that they are continuous. The two categorical groups that make up the independent variables are guilt rating and punishment value. There is also no relationship between the observations of the two groups which means that they are independent of each other. The data had no significant outliers that could reduce the validity of the results. Based on the Levenes test, it was proved that the variances were homogeneous. In this assignment we will analyze the pooled data which we collected last week Please analyze the group data from Experiment II using SPSS. Include data inspection, description, and a one-way ANOVA with supporting graphs (error bar groups are best) showing confidence intervals. Save your data file. Save your output file. Send both to me as attachments.
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Repressed Memories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Repressed Memories - Research Paper Example For example, an undesirable thought may interfere with day-today work, causes anxiety, loss of sleep, or simply it is annoying. In the extreme cases, potential suppressors are the victims of physical, verbal, or sexual abuse, or have visions of a loved one dying, that may cause impairments in all aspects of the experiencer’s life. This motivated forgetting comes in two forms: unconscious, as in the controversial and contentious repressed memory literature, and conscious, as in the attempted suppression of undesirable thoughts (Bjork, Bjork, & Anderson, 1998). Controversy surrounding the concept of repression and the recovery of repressed memories has been brought to the forefront of recent literature. Jurors are being faced with the difficult task of evaluating testimony from alleged victims claiming to have recovered previously forgotten memories of childhood sexual abuse. The role of jury members is to determine the innocence or guilt of the accused - a task which is particularly difficult given that the events in question have typically taken place many years previously. Unfortunately, such cases are also characterized by a lack of evidence, aside from the testimonial accounts of the alleged victim and the accused. A recovered memory is one which is suppressed or forgotten for a period of time and then later recalled. In order to further our understanding of recovered memories, a review of why individuals forget is warranted. There are currently four prominent explanations behind why people might seem to forget and then later recall traumatic events: 1) ordinary forgetting, 2) false memories, 3) dissociation, and 4) repression. Loftus, Gary, and Feldman (1994) suggest that memory of traumatic events may be no different from memory of regular events. Therefore, one would expect the process of forgetting to be the same, resulting from normal processes such as interference and decay. As noted by Brewin and Andrews (1998),
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 4
Strategic management - Essay Example Henry Ford founded the company with many innovations introduced to the ways products were manufactured. One of these is the best-known model T of mass production, the moving assembly line – which is actually composed of conveyor belts – where time of work was reduced (Goh & Garg, 2008, p. 57). Ford revolutionized the car industry, paid higher wages to factory workers, and made cars affordable to anyone. (Purvis, 1997) Ford became a multinational corporation in 1970 but was predominantly operating in North America with subsidiaries in major markets in countries like Britain, Germany or Australia. These subsidiaries however have their own manufacturing plants. In Britain, the most popular Ford in the Cortina. With intense globalisation, the Ford organisation started to restructure internationally. In Europe, Ford was consolidated with further product development and designs which were originally European. Ford manufactured cars of different designs. (Grant, 2005, p. 440) In the UK, Ford is the biggest in the automobile industry with over 550 dealers across the United Kingdom and employing about 35,000 people. In its website, it says that it currently sells 440,000 vehicles annually, with Ford Focus as the car most Britons love. (Ford Motor Company, 2010) In the United States, Ford is now best known for its cars, trucks, crossovers and SUVs (Ford, 2010). In 2008, Ford was adjudged by Standard and Poor’s as the world’s second largest motor vehicle manufacturer, producing cars and trucks, including plastic and glass parts of the cars they make, and including replacement parts. Ford has a 33% stake in Mazda Motor Corp. Financial services include Ford Motor Credit (automotive financing and insurance) and American Road Insurance. Ford has a big share in the world market. It has ventured in many countries, trying to feel its presence even in China, which is the fastest growing market in the automobile
Discuss Explanations of Forgetting Essay Example for Free
Discuss Explanations of Forgetting Essay We forget things for two reasons, firstly the memory has disappeared- it is no longer available or secondly the memory is stored in the memory system but cannot be retrieved. The first theory is more likely to be applicable to forgetting in the short term memory and the second in the long term memory. You can differentiate between availability and accessibility. Availability is whether the information has been stored in the memory or not and accessibility is the ability or inability to retrieve information if it has been stored. Forgetting information from the short term memory can be explained using the theories of trace decay and displacement. In reference to the multi store model of memory the theory states that in the STM both capacity and duration are limited. The capacity of STM is about 5-9 units of information and the duration of STM is given at only a few seconds, to a maximum of a minute or so. As information cannot stay indefinitely In STM, if it is not transferred into LTM it will be forgotten. Therefore theories of forgetting in STM are based on availability. There are two main theories about how information is lost from the STM, trace decay and displacement theories. Trace decay theory of forgetting (STM) relates to both long term and short term memory and also relates to lack of availability. The theory suggests that the STM can only hold information for between 15 and 30 seconds unless it is rehearsed. After this time the information decays (fades away). This explanation of forgetting in short term memory assumes that memories leave a trace in the brain. A trace is some sort of physical/chemical change in the nervous system. Trace decay theory states that forgetting occurs as a result of the automatic decay or fading of the memory trace. Trace decay theory focuses on time and the limited duration of short-term memory. Decay theory assumes that memories have a physical or biological basis in the brain, and that the encoding of memories involves a structural change in the brain. The physical representation of a memory is called a memory trace or an engram. This theory sees forgetting as the physical breakdown or decay of the memory trace. Assuming that rehearsal does not take place, the mere passage of time will cause the memory trace to break down. This explains why forgetfulness increases with time. According to the theory, metabolic processes happen over time which causes the structural change to break down if it is not maintained through repetition. Strengths of the decay theory are that it appeals to common sense that if we don’t use/activate the memory we will lose it. However the theory also has weaknesses and it does not explain why some older memories (especially in those who have Alzheimer’s) are not lost and can still be remembered whereas newer memories seem to decay more easily/quicker. A theory that supports decay theory is Peterson and Peterson (1959). They provide evidence for this theory. They conducted a study where they asked participants to recall a string of consonants selected so as to be difficult to pronounce. Recall delay was set to 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 during which rehearsal was prevented by participants counting backwards in threes from a target number (e. g. 397). Each subject was tested a total of 8 times at each of the 6 delay intervals. The findings of the study showed that while after a 3 second retention interval trigrams about 90% of trigrams were recalled, after 18 seconds only 10% were. The duration of STM without retention is very short. In terms of decay theory, the engram could not grow stronger and so broke down. Another theory of forgetting in the short term memory is the displacement theory. This theory suggests that new information received by the STM overwrites or displaces previous information. In a system of limited capacity, forgetting would take place through displacement in STM. According to this theory, when the system is full, the new information will push the old information out. A strength of the displacement theory would be that it provided a good account of how forgetting might take place in Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) model of short term memory. However it does have its weaknesses, it did become clear that the short term memory was much more complex than Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed. Forgetting from the STM can occur due to displacement or decay but it is difficult to specify which. Forgetting information from the LTM can be explained by the decay theory; we forget things because the physical memory trace has disappeared due to the passage of time. It can also be explained by interference theory, when one set of learning interferes with another. For example, things learned in the past may interfere with things learned now or vice versa. Or cue dependant forgetting can also explain forgetting information from the LTM. This theory suggests that information is not lost from LTM, but is simply inaccessible until an appropriate cue is given which triggers the memory. The multi store model of memory states that LTM has an unlimited capacity and memories have duration of potentially forever. However, we know from our own lives that we o forget from LTM. But does that mean the memories are gone, or we just can’t reach them? Theories of forgetting in LTM therefore are a mixture of accessibility and availability. An experiment that supports decay theory in the long term memory is Lashley (1931) he investigated whether by making physical alterations to the brain, he could induce forgetting. If this was the case, then it would suggest that memory has a physical basis and that forgetting is a result of the decay of the memory trace. He trained rats to learn mazes and then removed sections of their brains. He found a relationship between the amount of brain removed, and the amount of forgetting. This study supports decay theory although there are issues of ecological validity and whether it is generalizable from rats to humans. However if decay was the only explanation for loss of memory in the LTM we would expect that all memories would decay at the same time regardless of what happened in the intervening time. Generally there is little support for decay theory, as it cannot explain how we are able to remember things from many years ago. Another theory that may be able to explain why we forget in the LTM is interference. According to this theory there are two types of interference, proactive interference and retroactive interference. Proactive interference is when previous learning interferes with later learning and retroactive interference is when later learning disrupts earlier learning. A common everyday example of proactive interference is placing household objects in a different place in a room and going back to the place where the object used to be to try and find it rather than where you have now put it. Underwood and Postman (1960) used a pair associate learning task to test the effect of interference. Participants were asked to learn a series of word pairs, so that they can be presented with the first word (the stimulus word) and recall its paired word (response word). They are then given another list of word pairs to learn which have the same stimulus word, but a different response word. Participants have their recall tested on either the first or second list of words. As expected, recall of the response words is poorer, and affected by both previous learning (proactive) and later learning (retroactive). However this effect is only present when the stimulus words are kept the same throughout the lists. Overall the proactive and retroactive effects are reliable and robust; however there are a number of problems with interference theory as an explanation of forgetting. Firstly, interference theory tells us little about the cognitive processes involved in forgetting. Secondly, the majority of research into the role of interference in forgetting has been carried out in a laboratory using lists of words, a situation which is likely to occur fairly infrequently in the real world. As a result it may not be possible to generalise the findings of the studies supporting interference theory. The final theory that may explain why we forget in the LTM memory is cue dependant forgetting. This theory states that forgetting is not due to the loss of a memory, but rather is due to the inability to access it. This is known as retrieval failure. The memory is still there but it is inaccessible. The reason that it is unavailable is because you do not have the right cue. Cues can either be external (something about the environment or context) or internal (something about your own state or mood). There is lots of evidence to support this theory of forgetting from laboratory experiments. The ecological validity of these experiments can be questioned but their findings are supported by evidence from outside the laboratory. Context dependant learning (external) was demonstrated by Abernethy (1940) who found that students who sat a test in the same room with the same teacher as their normal lessons got higher results. Therefore, the environment acted as a cue to memory in this study. Our internal mental or emotional state can also act as a cue. This is state dependant learning. Goodwin et al (1969) found that people who had forgotten things when sober could remember once they had drunk sufficient alcohol. Repression may also cause forgetting because it causes traumatic memories to be repressed into the unconscious where they cannot be retrieved. Depression is also another factor that can cause forgetting because due to either the shrinking of the hippocampus due to a rise in cortisol of depressed people or possibly due to low motivation and inattention. Out of all the theories of forgetting discussed, you can see that not one theory covers all aspects of memory. There are many different theories to suggest why we forget different types of information and the theory that applies depends on many things such as whether the information is stored in the STM or the LTM. Not one theory can explain every result that is given from these studies but they are matched to the theories they support the most. A theory that is supported by a particular study can also have studies going against it. For example, evidence for interference would be underwood and postman (1960 however the Tulving and Psotka (1971) study goes against the interference theory.
Monday, October 14, 2019
How does branding affect consumers purchasing decision?
How does branding affect consumers purchasing decision? Abstract: Consumer behavior is dependent on few factors that need to be considered in any industry. In the garment industry, there are several intertwining factors known that influence consumer behavior. The Internet as one knows well has its importance in nearly every form of trade, but brand recognition is driven by a set of factors that have their own principles. Trade is directly dependent on communication, and these days the Internet it is considered to be one of the most important and reliable means of communications for trade. It is for this reason that brand promotion is significantly related to the use of the Internet. However, it needs to be asserted that the Internet is a tool for promoting a brand as is other means of brand promotion. In view of the Internet being an important medium through which customers may be communicated with, consumer behaviors, and more importantly, consumer-purchase decisions, become an important subject. Observing consumer-purchase decisions in the recent past, it can be asserted that there is immense scope for expanding industries that receive positive responses from consumers. An example of this is observed with some organizations in the garment industry. A company such as Levis is a good example to view the effectiveness of branding on consumer-purchase decisions. In addition purchases made at outlets, online purchases have been significant as purchases of are easily made and are believed to be considerably reliable. This reflects the manner in which consumers rely on brands like Levis. For purchasing garments and placing orders, advertising through the Internet is the first step towards pulling in customers. Indeed, this step is believed to be effective as there are a number of indiv iduals who first see ads online, and then decide to physically check a promotion out. However, this is not the only way that people want to explore promotions of garments or any other industry. Shoppers are keen to check out things for themselves. There are many consumers that also do not rely on the Internet for purchasing what they want. They would rather shop, and there are indeed many consumers who spend several hours per week in shopping centers searching for what they want. Among these shoppers there are different kinds of consumers, and each of these has different characteristics. Some look for stuff that is cheaper and reliable while others want quality. Those who search for quality know what brands they want generally. Deciding what to purchase from a consumers perspective depends on what satisfies him or her. From a manufacturers perspective, it is important to understand what interests a consumer most, and based on these interests, manufacturers work to develop their brands. Manufacturers have to develop a brand identity in order to seek brand loyalty of consumers. Once manufacturers learn how to read their consumers, they can influence their purchasing decisions, and this is precisely aimed at by promoting a brand and working towards its selling power. 1. Introduction: 1.1 Background In order to sell products, organizations resort to various strategies. Each company has its strategy structured in accordance with market factors as well as product strengths. This may mean that an organization has to consider various angles in order to make sure its products enter a market and sell successfully. In considering several factors that play their parts in the success of a product in the market, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"branding is one major component for organizations to work on. Branding is considered to be a major component in the success of a product in the market because it can control consumer decisions. This of course depends on the reputation of the brand, which refers to how it has appealed to consumers in the past and how it has served them. 1.2 Importance of the Study: Understanding what branding is enables one to understand the way that consumers behave when newer products are introduced. This is interesting to understand because it helps to understand why different company products of the same nature have different responses from consumers. 1.3 Research Question: The main Research Question that will be dealt with in this study is as follows: How does branding affect consumers purchasing decision? Other research questions that will be part of this study include the following: * What is branding? * How is branding used? * How do consumers respond to branding? * Is branding really significant in order to sell products? 1.4 Limitations of study: This study makes use of relevant literature to the research question as well as a survey of 50 participants. Though the literature review encompasses a wide variety of views regarding the research question, the survey only encompasses participants within the researchers physical location. This means that the views from the participants are fewer than what is needed for a comprehensive view of primary data. 1.5 Organisation of study: The basic organization of this study consists of dealing with the main research question mentioned above, for which there will be a literature review. In accordance with a methodology, this literature will be analyzed, and a conclusion will be arrived at. In addition to data analyzed from the literature review, answers from a survey conducted will also be analyzed and paired with the results of the analyzed literature review. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Chapter introduction: This chapter includes the views of other studies and reviews related to the main research question. In this chapter, there will be pertinent data on what branding is, how it impacts consumers, and how consumer-purchasing decisions are impacted through branding. 2.2. Framework for review: In this section, there will be a flow as the review gradually progresses. This means that each relevant portion of the subject will be exposed gradually as the review progresses. However, at various points there will be inclusions of points exposed earlier, where needed. 2.3. A brand allows organizations to differentiate their business from their competitors. But more importantly, brands help to motivate customer loyalty. By having a brand, companies gain manifold levels by creating effective business strategies that help to promote the company. Building a brand is also about creating an identity that differentiates one from the rest this may be in the form of a logo, a name or business model. This is what helps to receive a positive consumer response; consumers look for characteristics in a brand that cater to their needs and wants. If a brand does this with one product, in future, consumers would choose other products wit the same brand. More recently, branding concepts have become more about how people perceive business. For this reason, there has been a lot of attention on how brands can alleviate the position of business, sales and consumer base. The perceived knowledge about the brand comes from three major criteria according to Business Central by Microsoft (2004): These are: 1. Confidence in a business, product or service doing exactly what the customer already believes it will do. For example, a 24-hour convenience store brand can be based on customers confidence that it will be open, whatever the time of day or night. 2. The emotional response of the customer to purchasing a product or service. For example, a clothing retailer can create a brand based around making its customers feel good about what they wear, how they look, how good they feel about buying clothes from that shop and what it says about them to their peers. A brand builds a unique personality for a business, and therefore attracts a defined type of customer. 3. Most importantly, branding is based on consistently rewarding the confidence and delivering the expected emotional response. For example, a domestic cleaning company can build its brand successfully if customers homes are always thoroughly cleaned. The owners believe that they are using the best cleaning company and feel good about returning to their newly cleaned homes. Given the highly developed set criteria, one can understand that brands are not created overnight; in fact brand identity is created by assessing the business, how it operates and the kind of message that the business wants to send out to the customers, and able to deliver the promise to the customer time and again. This kind of assessment has to be realistic and be based on the following key areas: 1. Work out your business, product or services core competencies. These are what you achieve for your customer, not necessarily what you do. For example, a good wine shops core competence is selling wine that its customers enjoy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" not just selling wine. 2. Assess whom your existing and potential customers are and find out what they like and what they dont. For example, if competitive pricing drives them, there is little point in you presenting yourself as a premium-price supplier of the same products offered by your competitors. 3. Find out how your customers and your employees feel about your business. Reliable? Caring? Cheap? Expensive? Luxurious? No-frills? Later in the process, these emotional responses (brand values) will form the basis of your brand message. 4. Define how favorably customers and potential customers view your business à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is your perceived quality. Do they trust your business, product or service? Do they know exactly what it does for them? What do they think of when your brand is mentioned to them? Low perceived quality would restrict or damage your business. High-perceived quality gives you a platform to grow. 5. Consider how far you can develop your business with its current customer perception without moving away from your core competencies. The amount you can change your offer is your brand stretch. For example, a shop known for selling fresh sandwiches could also consider selling homemade cakes and biscuits without going outside its core competencies. But selling frozen ready meals too may stretch its brand too far (Microsoft BCentral 2004). So much has the concept of brand identity become a part of the business process that companies are claiming their rights to certain qualities, product category, design, innovations and creations. One of the reasons for this is that companies are realizing amidst a homogenous market, credit cannot be given to any one in particular unless the company excels in certain areas. For example Tesco, Wal-Mart and K-Mart may all provide the same kinds of services and products, but there has to be something that makes the customers experience unique in each of the above cases. Companies are realizing that the quest for uniqueness should be taken a step further by enhancing on certain or particular business area and developing it a step ahead of competitors. It is only through the differentiation technique that they would be able to effectively and successfully compete against rival. For example Wal-Mart may claim to have the cheapest price while Tesco would also do the same for certain products only. To resolve this problem, techniques like the kind of message, bundle services as well as customer satisfaction guarantees are used to attract customers. But how do customers differentiate and recognize one service from the others? For most companies the first step is to identify the potential customer and perceive his/her consumer behaviour. Next is to align brand values that reflect customers needs. From the identity aspect, the company furthers this by redesigning logo, stationary and other visual contact to send out harmonious and unified theme to the consumer. For example, if the brand suggest value added services then all aspects of the business process has to incorporate value added services so that the customers becomes aware of this unique quality of that particular business; advertisements pertaining to the same should be launched and campaigns for external/internal customers to make sure everyone is aligned with the business objectives. In view of this, illustration 1 in the list of figures shows that aside from branding, there are other aspects that a company needs to focus on. Given these aspects of brand and brand identity it can be defined as: A brand, in its broadest sense, is the expression of an organisation or product. A brand is communicated in a number of different ways and not only represents the visual aspects that a customer may come across (logo or imagery), but can also be reflected in the behaviour of people within that organisation, the quality of products that the organisation offers, and the manner in which customers are treated. (Investor in People 2004) Retailers in the UK realized the importance of this concept during the Post World War Era. During the war years the UK chain stores expanded nationally to serve the local consumers with standardized products. The restraint on trade with the US did not allow the local producers to cultivate their services abroad. Similarly, the restraint also applied to US products and retail stores that had not been allowed to operate in the UK as the producers anticipated US influence on local UK consumers. However, as the Wars passed, new chain stores expanded and so did the international chain in Britain. As new factories reflect growth in industries, traditional method of promoting products and goods also changed to cater to the new classification of products. American products were cheaper and easy to access at the convenience stores as compared to British products and chain stores. Further, due to the high unemployment level, resulting in less purchasing power, British stores did not feel motiv ate to expand or succeed. The only measure they were interested in includes the commoditys exchange value and how it serves as the source for covering operating income (Lowe et al 2000). However, with the emergence of US producers and retailers, local stores had cause for concern. Since the departmental stores from the US provide the same commodities and yet provide the aesthetic experience as well, the consumers learned to appreciate the uniqueness of the experience they had with the foreign stores. For this reason, British retail stores under went a wave of change where the stores had to make the decision of effectively competing with their American counterparts. According to Lowe et al (2000) By 1939 in Britain the chain stores had carved out a market alongside, and in competition with, the department and co-operative stores, and were particularly noted for their own-brand goods. Their standardised fascias jostled for prime place in the redeveloped high streets and their mass-marketing strategies increasingly squeezed out the small, but still significant, independent trader. Their particular development was the consequence not only of Britains compact geography an d early industrialisation, but also of the political and cultural support for trade restraints, which were furthered by the retention of family influence in companies and by an ethos of business leadership as public service. The British stores had gained significant development due to two reasons. Firstly the family based society and class dynamics within Britain had supported the centralization and spread of these stores across the country. Secondly, the trade restrained allowed these stores significant time frame for achieving the desired standards and quality for competing with rivals across the Atlantic. The intensity of the competition of stores in the US and UK resulted in inflating dynamic chain store culture and competition. As a result the retailing market changed its form with the support of the manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers in the distribution process. The outcome of this contest between the two nations not only established platforms for large retailers but it also added to their knowledge of the development and progressive tracks that they need to follow in order to effectively compete nationally and internationally. The basis for the fast growing retailing industry was inherent in the working class ability to predict opportunity advantage and capitalize on it. For example in 1848 W.H. Smith gained railway contracts and bookstalls spread across England. Similarly, Thomas Liptons shops in Glasgow in 1872 were built on the back of new steamships importing cheap Empire butter, cheese, ham etc. The common factor prevailing in this spreading trend had been the producers and the owners being able to foresee consumers special needs and satisfying them. Although these were family businesses that later on turned into empires nevertheless the concept of meeting demands as they come by providing customized services had been inherent during the 20th century even (Lowe et al 2000). J.B. Priestly surveyed the English landscape during this era and found that with the emergence of mobility, transportation and mass production, there has also been a mass set of chain cinemas, stores, teashops, etc., which has chan ged the way people eat, drink and entertain during the 1930s. The new infrastructure of migration and investment went hand in hand with the migration of people from the north to the south, from inner city to suburbs and the like etc. For this reason most of the significant development in establishing names of quality products and services emerged during this era (Lowe et al 2000). However, recently the trend has changed. Established names and quality brands have been facing difficulties in competition. As the UK become global in its trade practices, the risks of losing to foreign counterparts for local brands have increased. One example is Marks and Spencer. MS has been an established brand that UK consumers had immense trust in and have been using as a platform for measuring offering value for money quality products. The promotional theme at MS is based on quality but not a cheap product category that suits the average and affluent consumer. However, this strategy is not suitable for the needs of current globalization scenario. With the spread of retail stores and chain around the world such as Wal-Mart and ASDA, MS has gradually lost its position to these competitors. Wal-Mart is in stark contrast of the values established by MS. The Wal-Mart business philosophy is based on low price and cheap products that meets the average to low consumer group. Even more critical in this transition of retail store brands is that people are coming to accept them as alternatives to the established quality stores prevalent in the UK (Lowe et al 2000). The alternatives no doubt easily had taken over the local brand and chain stores but it had not been able to capture the essence of the concept of brand. For the average price conscious consumers have not realized the implication of switching over to a foreign brand. Not only have they been compromising quality for price but they have also greatly contributed to declining the established standards for the industry. Businesses that are known globally for their quality, reputation, product specifications, and standardizations have been replaced by the Americanization of products and services. No gap analysis has been identified for the switch and as a result brands that exist in the UK are innovating and revisiting their standards to win over the customers. The process is tedious but corporations and retailers are realizing the importance of exercising this process. Today when one refer to brands and brand identity, it means the creation of a brand identity system which involve focusing on brand communication, developing needs analysis, contemplating target audience, relegation of market profile and establishing a brand identity with these inputs[1]. Successful brands may shape the business sphere as well as navigate the breadth and depth of the corporate identity. The message, the identity, the visual design language such as symbols, colours, flagship etc. all reflect and remind the consumers who they are; what is the nature of the business; how are they producing; social participation and responsibility; and to communicate with them to be part of the brand identity system. For example in 1994 Coca-Cola business in the UK had been the largest bottlers and providers of cola drinks. However, at the same time other cola companies had come up with the same idea using the same corporate identity and brand message as Coca-Cola. Yet, despite this fact the local colas did not win the consumers due to the fact that consumers, in whose mind Coca-Cola association had already been lodged, mistook the new cola brands for the original one. For this reason the new cola brands lost to Coca-Cola in the competition. From this example and many that followed after, the British producers realized that brand identity is a systematic process that must ensure that the development of the design is protected; ownership or long term partnership of retail channels is essential and ownership of other product advantage cannot be replicated. Apart from those other organizational issues in the process of brand identity system development is that the interface between the strategic dec ision-making on the branding process must discuss how the brands would facilitate the company and how the brands can be linked to the companys goodwill. Thus by tying monetary value to brands, companies have established the value to brand identity and its influence on corporate performance. Once corporations realized the importance of brand identity, the struggle for materializing and capitalizing on brand identity increased. Marketers for one exhaustively increased their efforts to market their brands and logos more than they did the products; they laboured at serving the lifestyles that consumers lead rather than the products they need; and companies also included brand awareness strategies to ensure that the consumers understand the organizational products and services. More formal companies have established procedures for making this system work. Brands identity is now based on: 1. Recall rate at the top of the consumers mind 2. Specific recall for occasions, events or holidays 3. Visualization of the brand identity 4. Personalization of the brand to an image 5. Brand extension 6. Not becoming stereotype for cosmopolitan appeal 7. Think global, buy local concept 8. Linking brands to sub-brands 9. Symbolic ownership of brand essence 10. Souvenir brand essence 11. Connecting the values of flagship brands to other brands 12. Word of mouth 13. Brand transition through the identity system 14. Express the corporate tone of voice and cultural style These identifiers help companies to establish the concept of product design and its positioning in line with brand identity. In essence the whole exercise is to identify and take advantage of new and global practices and alleviate existing products and services without having to compromise old values and phenomena. With the amount of focus on brand, brand identity and brand loyalty, it can be observed that these are immense tools for influencing consumer purchase decisions (Knowledge Board 2004). 2.4. Key findings from literature review According to the above reviewed literature that encompasses key points on what a brand is and how it can impact consumer-purchase decisions, it can be asserted that branding is an important tool for a company to survive in any industry. It is through a brand identity that consumers recognize a particular companys products and services within a large industry. If a company associates standard and acceptable services and products that are according to a consumers expectations, the brand will be remembered and receive responses each time it advertises newer products and services. 3. Research Methodology: 3.1. Chapter introduction: This section includes the method of handling the data and arriving at a conclusion. Given that there are two types of data being used for this study, it is important to draw up how exactly the researcher will go about it. In order to conduct a study and answer the above research questions on how branding affect consumers purchasing decision, there is need to review relevant literature. The literature reviewed will be authentic and relevant to the research questions. This study will be both, qualitative and quantitative. A qualitative and quantitative study is necessary to answer the above research questions because both, facts and figures are an important part of the research area. There are also managerial aspects that need to be considered. These managerial aspects are represented in the form of facts and figures. Also, there will be statistical and numerical presentations considered that are necessary for answering the research questions. Aside from the study being a quantitative and qualitative, it will adopt a random approach. This refers to considering a wide variety of sources. However, the study will be limited to particular areas from where the researcher can obtain relevant data for this study. Sources for the literature review are ones that are authentic and relevant to the area being researched. The sources are from books and journals, as well as official websites, newspapers and magazines. In addition to the use of the sources mentioned above, important factors belonging to the field being studied here are obtained from other studies and presentations. Opinions and facts from presentations are considered to help in answering the research questions. Facts and figures about McDonalds and KFC brands from different points of view will be considered. The manner in which the brands have operated globally and the focus they have had in various places will also be considered for a greater understanding of their bran d communication with their consumers. This will help to bring together a wider range of opinions and facts to be analyzed. The literature review will be analyzed thoroughly so as to expose the answers to the research questions. Secondary data analysis is the process of re-evaluating collected researched data. The data can be collected from previously researched publications including official researched documents. Data collection usually involves research material that is relevant to the research problem issue but does not necessarily answer the research objectives or questions. For this research, the purpose of having secondary data analysis is to aid the researcher in collecting the data required to delineate the research objectives and provide a basis for analyzing primary data. Based on the conclusions of the secondary data analysis, the researcher will analyze and validate primary data collected through a survey questionnaire (Hair, Bush and Ortinau 2000). The questions in the questionnaire are mostly close ended. These close-ended questions will help to will to reduce result errors and biasness, as well as simplify accumulation of answers. 3.2. Research approach The rationale behind the literature has been to investigate the impact of branding on the consumers purchase decision. In terms of how what evaluate attributes influence their purchase decision. The underlying discussion has tried to come to an understanding of the consumers perception and attitudes towards how their actual purchase choices or decisions are generated, keeping in mind the brand name associations that influence the consumer, leading to his consistent behavior and loyalty. There are two main issues within the study: whether there is a difference in the effect that branding has on the different categories of consumer buying behavior groups, and the relationship between branding variables and consumer buying behavior. Branding is about certain consumers, not all consumers as they have different attitudes and behaviors toward brands. Further, Crimp and Wright (1995) define consumer attitudes as a composite of a consumers beliefs about, feelings for, and behavioral intentions towards some object-within the context of brand. In the research, the independent variable is the consumer buying behavior that is primary interest for marketer. The main objective of the research is to understand and describe the purchasing behavior in terms of brand and to explain its variability within the purchasing process and attempt to predict it. The dependent variable is the branding element that is considered by the consumer. Different consumers may hold different attitudes for these branding elements, or in other words, these branding components are viewed together since they are highly interdependent and together represent forces that influence how the consumer react to the object. 3.3. Data Collection Method As Ghauri and Gronhaug (2002) suggest the research design is the overall plan for relating the conceptual research problem to relevant empirical research. In the same regards, Kress (1988) indicated that designing a research method calls for decisions on data sources, research approaches, research instruments and sampling plans. Firstly, the study will attempt to discuss various sources of data and the ways in which data has been gathered for the purpose of analysis, testing hypothesis, and answering the research questions. Data can be obtained from primary and secondary sourses. However, in some cases the research would be restrained due to some information not being publicly available. Of the several techniques used for data collection a survey was deployed, as the most appropriate technique to gather data. The survey enabled a large amount of data to be collected from a sizeable population in a quick and economic way. A questionnaire can be described as the technique whereby each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions that are in a predetermined order (Webb, 1999). Miller (1991) also supports this idea, claiming that closed-ended questionnaire is an easy was to interpret answers where the respondent is asked to select answers from a brief list. This facilitates the standardization and easy comparison of data. It must be noted that both, data in the literature review as well as data obtained from the survey questionnaire will be analysed to arrive at a conclusion that satisfies the research questions. The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that the respondent is led from questions of a general nature to those that are more specific, and form questions that are relatively easy to answer to those that are progressively more difficult (Malhotra, 1996). The studys survey has aimed to incorporate the following features to meet the specific requirements of the projects: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Specific objectives, these may be in terms of points that the survey should achieve and should be kept relatively simple; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Questionnaire that entails straightforward questions that extract consistency and accurate information; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A research design that includes survey sampling, sampling methods, sample size and the sound choice of population and sample meaning a relatively large unbiased group; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The appropriate quantitative as well as qualitative analysis and reporting of survey results. 3.4 Validity: Answers achieved in this study are considered to be valid as they are achieved through previously accepted data relevant to this field. In addition to this, the answers from the participants in the survey questionnaire are original and represent the opinions on the subject that stand at the moment. Content validity ensures that the measure includes an adequate and representative set of items to tap the concept. The more the scale items represent the domain or universe of the concept being measured, the greater content validity. To put it diff
Sunday, October 13, 2019
ACG 2021, Introduction to Financial Accounting, Fall 2000, Exam 1 :: UFL Florida Business Accounting
VERSION A Page 1 ACG 2021C EXAM 1 FALL 2000 NAME _____________________________________ SS# ____________________________ Instructions: NOW: Bubble in your section number on your Scan Sheet. Fill in your name and social security number on this examination and your scan sheet. 1. Listen carefully for any comments your proctor may have related to the exam. Read these instructions carefully. Failure to do so may result in your losing points. 2. This exam consists of 50 multiple-choice questions. Select the BEST answer and mark the appropriate space on the scan sheet with a #2 pencil only. You MUST keep your scan sheet face down on the desk when you are not filling it in. 3. You may use ONLY a non-programmable calculator during the exam. Use of any other calculator will be considered a violation of the honor code. Your exam will be taken from you and you will receive a grade of 0. 4. At the end of 2 hours, you will be told to stop. Put your pencils down IMMEDIATELY. Failure to do so will result in your receiving a zero for the exam. 5. The exam consists of 13 pages, including this cover, and a blank page at the end. Make sure you have all pages and all questions. 6. Have your University of Florida Identification card ready to be checked when you turn in your exam. 7. Assume the accounting entities use a calendar year unless otherwise noted. 8. Assume a 360-day year. 9. When you are finished, turn in your scan sheet, as well as your exam. Answers will be posted on the web after the exams are handed back in class. 10. The University of Florida policy on academic honesty will be strictly enforced. When you are told to open your exam, turn to the first page and find your exam code. Immediately bubble this in on your scantron. VERSION A Page 2 1. As of December 31, Mesa Company has a balance of $5,000 in accounts receivable of which $500 is more than 30 days overdue. Mesa has a credit balance of $45 in the allowance for doubtful accounts. Mesa estimates its bad debts losses at 1% of current accounts and 10% of accounts over thirty days. What adjustment should Mesa make to the allowance for doubtful accounts? A) $95 (credit). B) $55 (credit). C) $50 (credit). D) None, the current balance is correct. E) None of the above is correct. 2. A business's balance sheet cannot be used to accurately predict what the business might be sold for because A) it identifies all the revenues and expenses of the business. B) assets are generally listed on the balance sheet at their historical cost, not their current value.
Friday, October 11, 2019
Internal Combustion Engines :: physics internal combustion engine
Most motor vehicles today use an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) to give them power to drive down the road; ICEs are a form of a heat engine. Gasoline is burned to push a piston, which in return forces the car down the road. As the gas in the cylinder is ignited and expanded it forces the piston down the shaft. The force is carried through piston, which is connected to a crankshaft. The force moves through the transmission, down the driveshaft, and out the tires. The Otto Cycle is used to turn as much heat into the driving force as possible. â€Å"A heat engine is a machine that converts heat into work†(Heat Engines). A heat engine absorbs a quantity of energy from a hot reservoir, does work, and then gives up a quantity of energy to the cold reservoir. In the example of an ICE, gasoline is burned, creating heat and expanding the gasses. This expansion pushes the piston down the cylinder and the excess heat is carried out through the coolant system or exhaust. The work done by the engine can be determined using the equation: W=Q(hot) - Q(cold) The efficiency of a heat engine can be determined using the equation: e=W/Q(hot) Gasoline engines have four strokes and six processes in each cycle. During the intake stroke, air and fuel are drawn into the cylinder; the volume and potential energy increase. Next, the compression stroke adiabatically compresses the gases; the volume decreases and the temperature increases. The spark does not occur during a stroke but when the piston is fully raised, this causes the gases to ignite keeping relatively the same volume. In the power stroke, the gas adiabatically expands; the temperature decreases and the volume increases. Finally, the exhaust valve is opened so in the exhaust stroke when the piston moves up the gasses are released causing the volume to decrease. A hemi engine refers to the way the pistons, heads and block are designed. This style of engine claims to provide a better flow of air inside the cylinder by creating more room for larger valves in turn providing more power. The chamber on a hemi is hemispherical instead of being flat like traditional engines. This shape provides more surface area on the block allowing room for the larger valves. When the engine can breath better there is less friction and more clean air / fuel mixture providing more power.
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